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WARSAW, VARSHE 1.1
On the eve of World War II there were 352,600 Jews living inWarsaw– nearly 40% of the city’s total population. Warsaw’spre-wartelephone directory began and ended with a Jewish name. Itwasthere that Jewish social organizations had their head officesandthe most prominent and influential Jewish leaders were active.AllJewish organizations and enterprises had their headquartersinWarsaw. The application Warszawa, Warsze allows you to discoverthe“archaeology” of this city from the Museum of the History ofPolishJews to Grzybowski Square. From 1527, with the introductionof thede non tolerandis Judaeis privilege, Jews could no longerlive inWarsaw on a permanent basis, although later regulationsallowedthem to stay in Warsaw and to conduct business there duringsejmsessions. Jews in black vests – often worn by tavernkeepersandpetty sellers – appear in the paintings of BernardoBellottoCanaletto. Jews lived on a permanent or temporary basis inthejurydykas – private estates outside the city jurisdiction – mostofthem in Leszno, Tłomackie, Grzybów and Wielopole. Thejurydykaswere abolished in 1793 but their Jewish inhabitantsstayed. Afterthe third partition of Poland Warsaw became part ofthe Prussianpartition from 1795 to 1806 and saw the inflow ofPrussian Jews –often wealthy individuals influenced by the JewishEnlightenment(Haskalah). The circle of Haskalah supporters soongrew to includelocal Jews. The progressive Jewish community builtthe GreatSynagogue on Tłomackie Street. A wave of pogroms andanti-Jewishregulations in Russia contributed to a mass immigrationof Litvaks– Jews from the western guberniyas of the RussianEmpire(present-day Lithuania and northern Belarus) – who werestronglyattached to their religious institutions and spiritualleaders.They settled mainly in the developing Northern District,north ofTłomackie. They spoke Yiddish and lived amongst themselveswithin aclosed circle of Orthodox coreligionists. A passer-bychancing uponthem – like the protagonist of Stefan Żeromski’s TheComing Spring– might feel like he had stepped out of his world. Theactivitiesof socialists and communists also left their mark on theJewishcommunity of Warsaw. Grzybowski Square witnessednumerousdemonstrations in 1905 – the escaping protesters andanarchistswould often seek shelter in the local establishments.This washighly detrimental to business and many owners andleaseholderswere forced to close down successful restaurants. WorldWar Ibrought hunger and poverty. Profiteers and extortionistgangsappeared in the marketplaces of Grzybów and Wielopole.Fences,thief school owners and human traffickers installedthemselves nextto respectable dwellers. A criminal jargon emerged –a mix ofPolish, Yiddish, Hebrew and Russian. The regaining ofindependenceby Poland and the enforcement of the MinoritiesTreaty,guaranteeing the rights of national minorities, led totheemergence of numerous denominational schools in thecapital.Political parties and social organizations were highlyactive.Mounting anti-Semitism in the 1930s fueled the activity ofZionistgroups focused on building Jewish life in Palestine.Warsawwitnessed numerous street demonstrations and marches byJewishyouth squads protesting British policy in the mandatedterritory.The Jewish intelligentsia broke with the traditionalenvironmentthat limited its creative freedom. The Association ofJewishWriters and Journalists, promoting the literary use ofYiddish, wasfounded with its seat at 13 Tłomackie St. Cinemas andtheatersoffered a Yiddish repertoire. World War II brought a tragicend toWarsaw’s Jewish community…
